The Definition and Most Popular Methods of Note Taking

Note-taking is the practice of writing down or otherwise recording key points of information. Its an important part of the research process. Notes taken on class lectures or discussions may serve as study aids, while notes taken during an interview may provide material for an essay, article, or book.  Taking notes doesnt simply mean scribbling down or marking up the things that strike your fancy, say  Walter Pauk and Ross J.Q. Owens in their book, How to Study in College. It means using a proven system and then effectively recording information before tying everything together. Cognitive Benefits of Note-Taking Note-taking involves certain cognitive behavior; writing notes engages your brain in specific and beneficial ways that help you grasp and retain information. Note-taking can result in broader learning than simply mastering course content because it helps you to process information and make connections between ideas, allowing you to apply your new knowledge to novel contexts, according to  Michael C. Friedman, in his paper, Notes on Note-Taking: Review of Research and Insights for Students and Instructors, which is part of the  Harvard Initiative for Learning and Teaching. Shelley OHara, in her book, Improving Your Study Skills: Study Smart, Study Less, agrees, stating: Taking notes involves  active listening, as well as connecting and relating information to ideas you already know. It also involves seeking answers to questions that arise from the material. Taking notes forces you to actively engage your brain as you identify whats important in terms of what the speaker is saying and begin to organize that information into a comprehensible format to decipher later. That process, which is far more than simply scribbling what you hear, involves some heavy brainwork. Most Popular Note-Taking Methods Note-taking aids in reflection, mentally reviewing what you write. To that end, there are certain methods of note-taking that are among the most popular: The Cornell method involves dividing a piece of paper into three sections: a space on the left for writing the main topics, a larger space on the right to write your notes, and a space at the bottom to summarize your notes. Review and clarify your notes as soon as possible after class. Summarize what youve written on the bottom of the page, and finally, study your notes.Creating a mind  map is a visual  diagram that lets you organize  your notes in a  two-dimensional  structure, says  Focus. You create a mind map by writing the  subject or headline in  the center  of the page, then add your  notes in the form of branches that  radiate  outward from the center.Outlining  is similar to creating an outline that you might use for a research paper.Charting  allows you to break up information into such categories as similarities and differences; dates, events, and impact; and pros and  cons, according to  East Carolina University.The  sentence method is wh en you record every new thought, fact, or topic on a separate line. All information is recorded, but it lacks [the] clarification of major and minor topics. Immediate review and editing are required to determine how information should be organized, per East Carolina University. Two-Column Method and Lists There are, of course, other variations on the previously described note-taking methods, such as the two-column method, says  Kathleen T. McWhorter, in her book, Successful College Writing, who explains that to use this method: Draw a vertical line from the top of a piece of paper to the bottom. The left-hand column should be about half as wide as the right-hand column. In the wider, right-hand column, record ideas and facts as they are presented in a lecture or discussion. In the narrower, left-hand column, note your own questions as they arise during the class. Making a list  can also be effective, say  John N. Gardner and Betsy O. Barefoot in Step by Step to College and Career Success. Once you have decided on a format for taking notes, you may also want to develop your own system of abbreviations, they suggest. Note-Taking Tips Among other tips offered by note-taking experts:Leave a space between entries so that you can fill in any missing information.Use a laptop and download information to add to your notes either during or after the lecture.Understand that there is a difference between taking notes on what you read and what you hear (in a lecture). If youre unsure what that might be, visit a teacher or professor during office hours and ask them to elaborate. If none of these methods suit you, read the words of author Paul Theroux in his article A World Duly Noted published in The Wall Street Journal in 2013: I write down everything and never assume that I will remember something because it seemed vivid at the time. And once you read these words, dont forget to jot them down in your preferred method of note-taking so that you wont forget them. Sources Brandner, Raphaela. â€Å"How to Take Effective Notes Using Mind Maps.† Focus. East Carolina University. Friedman, Michael C. Notes on Note-Taking: Review of Research and Insights for Students and Instructors. Harvard Initiative for Learning and Teaching, 2014. Gardner, John N. and Betsy O. Barefoot. Step by Step to College and Career Success. 2nd ed., Thomson, 2008. McWhorter, Kathleen T. Successful College Writing. 4th ed, Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2010. OHara, Shelley. Improving Your Study Skills: Study Smart, Study Less. Wiley, 2005. Pauk, Walter and Ross J.Q. Owens. How to Study in College. 11th ed, Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2004. Theroux, Paul. A World Duly Noted. The Wall Street Journal, 3 May 2013.

Judgement and Decision Making Text Abstracts - 2572 Words

Reading 1.3 Jackall, R. (1988) Chapter 4, ‘Looking Up and Looking Around’, in Moral Mazes, Oxford University Press, NY. Abstract In the early sections of â€Å"Looking Up and Looking Around† Jackall seeks to explain the reasons behind inadequate decision making processes and ability. The circumstances and environments that cultivate ‘decision-making paralysis’ and a lack of individual decision making ability are explained. Numerous examples and reasons are outlined to communicate a manager’s fear of failure, reluctance to make decisions and inability to make effective decisions when required at all hierarchical levels. If a decision must be made, particularly for an unexpected situation or problem, there is a tendency to look up, at†¦show more content†¦Example Our section owns nine safety boats that are used by numerous units around Australia. We needed to downsize the fleet to five craft to save on sustainment costs and other expenses. We required a decision from higher headquarters in order to decide on how the craft would be distributed among the user units. The decision from higher headquarters was delayed a number of times as the member responsible for the decision did not want to offend the unit commanders by taking craft off them, while other units got to keep theirs. Eventually, the decision on allocation was passed to the member’s commander, who was well above the level required a decision of this nature. By simply looking at the merits of who needed the craft the most and allocating based on that reasoning the decision could have occurred a lot quicker and at an appropriate level. This decision-making paralysis at a higher level significantly affected our ability to conduct our work. Reading 4.2 Reason, J. (1990) ‘A general view of accident causation in complex systems’, in Human Error, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 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Book Report on Nickled and Dimed Free Essays

Victoria Conrardy Mrs. Lord A. P. We will write a custom essay sample on Book Report on Nickled and Dimed or any similar topic only for you Order Now English 11 February 21, 2013 AP Book Project Part One Introduction 1. Title-Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America is significant because Ehrenreich does explain how many do â€Å"survive† off of minimum wage which really is not much. 2. Author-Barbara Ehrenreich is seventy-one years of age and is a widely-read and award-winning  columnist  and  essayist, and author of 21 books which include: Blood Rites; The Worst Years of Our Lives; and Fear of Falling. 3. Persona- Ehrenreich persona is described as credible because she displays her story through real events because she admits to have mildly conquered her challenge of testing to see how complex it is for the working class. She proves her theory by stating â€Å"[Someone ought to do the old-fashioned kind of journalism-you know, go out there and try it for themselves. ]† in the Introduction section. 4. Passage- Ehrenreich, Barbara. †Serving in Florida. â€Å"Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America. New York: Henry Holt and Company, LLC, 2001. 11-49. Print 5. Prompt Selection- Prompt One-Read the chapter you selected and then write an essay analyzing the rhetorical techniques the author uses to convey his or her attitude toward the subject. Part Two: Passage Analysis How you ever wondered why your parent’s always made you clean the house â€Å"the right way† or why they keep nagging you to clean up the simplest messes? They just wanted you to appreciate what they have provided for you and the family because their jobs take a huge toll on their life, usually doesn’t pay well and could be gone within seconds. Barbara Ehrenreich of Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America takes on the challenge to prove how tough adults actually work to keep all the nice things through imagery, diction, and tone. Barbara Ehrenreich a common wealthy lad starts off the challenge in Key West, Florida where she actually lives and uses imagery to describe her expressions. She feels anxious about the idea and fears that someone will recognize her in â€Å"disguise† but she attempts to find a place to live. She estimates that if she makes $7 an hour she could afford a $500 rent and ends up living in a â€Å"cabin† in the â€Å"swampy backyard† where her landlord lives with his girlfriend. Her next step is to look for applications fit for her ideal job which involves â€Å"†¦certain supermarket jobs, such as deli clerk, or housekeeping in the hotels and guest houses†¦Ã¢â‚¬  which uses a strong detailed diction. She then gets dolled up and within 3-4 days of no calls, decides to try out to be a waitress and immediately interviews her, ending with â€Å"When can you work? and informing her about the uniform for Hearthside which was just a matter of â€Å"being in the right time at the right time†. While entering Hearthside, she hears â€Å"Fuck this Shit! † and Gail, a co-work who trains Barbara, comes to her rescue and explains, â€Å"That’s just Billy†, â€Å"[He’s on the rag again]-a condition occasioned, in this instance, b y the fact that the cook on the morning shift had forgotten to thaw out the steaks. †, and gets back to â€Å"running-around† and taking orders. Hearthside only pays $2. 3 an hour plus tips and the employee service isn’t the best but she still manages to hang in there for quite a while. Within a couple of weeks, Barbara realizes that she doesn’t have enough money to pay for the next rent and decides looking for a second job. She gets hired at â€Å"Jerry’s† which she describes by using a sarcastic tone, â€Å"Picture a fat person’s Hell, and I don’t mean a place with no food. †, but what she really means is a gross, sticky place forcing the employers to walk â€Å"like Susan McDougal in leg irons. , with absolutely no time to be sitting unless in the bathroom, with a rude management â€Å"†¦whose contribution is to stand by the kitchen counter and yell†¦ †. Barbara quits Hearthside and becomes a part-tim e employee at Jerry’s due to the better pay. Finally she quit Jerry’s because she couldn’t handle all the raucous being held and moved on to land her â€Å"dream job† as a housekeeper. Barbara implies that getting your â€Å"dream-life† that you’ve planned out since you were in high school doesn’t always work out. You might have to quit a job to focus more on school or an activity or might have to find a second job to keep up with the rent. So now that you some-what understand how tough the â€Å"real-world† is hopefully you’ll become more appreciative towards things. Part Three: Book Review I really enjoyed reading this book because I felt it really applied to me and my future. It helped me unlock new thoughts about jobs I might want to consider due to whom will pay better, working environments, and physical effects. She does mention different jobs she did take and the struggles she heard/learned about from her fellow co-workers Annette and Tina, as mentioned on page 26, â€Å"Annette, a twenty-year-old server who is six months pregnant and abandoned by her boyfriend, lives with her mother, a postal clerk. † and â€Å"Tina, another server, and her husband are paying $60 a night for a room in the Days Inn. This is because they have no car†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . I also really enjoyed the fact that Ehrenreich went out and tried to live a â€Å"normal† working class life because it will soon apply to me and gives me a better deal of how to balance and handle jobs. How to cite Book Report on Nickled and Dimed, Essay examples

Business Organization And Policy Human Resource Intervention

Question: Task: Mergers and acquisitions cannot be allowed to take place in the business environment uncontrolled, as they pose serious threats to the economy and society at large. On the other hand, they cannot be stopped outright as they also have some positive attributes. You are required to analyse the accompanying Case Study and write an analytical business report that covers the following three tasks: Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of mergers and acquisitions to the business environment. Examine and evaluate the laws governing Mergers and Acquisitions in the UK. Discuss how Shell Plc (the oil company) can practise CSR to improve the quality of life in the society in which they operate and the wider business environment.? Answer: Introduction The business organization is based out of its unique structures which help the business to give the best of services to the people with its policy and structures. The Tesco from UK, the major in the retail store segment is been selected to express the organization structures ad policy that helps the business to extract the best of mileage from the market that it operates in. MacQueen and Miller (1960) suggest that having solid organizational policy makes the working of the business efficient where all knows what to do in which situation thus helping the clients and the business mutually. The policies are the set of boundaries that the business set to have the operations standardized and the business processes have an identical flow in each case. Hence, it can be said that the business implements the policies and structures in accordance to the operational affectivity in the mark of oligopoly which makes it distinct from others. The policies and structure also ensures the effectivenes s and management controls over the business process. Tesco the retailer is been chosen to illustrate the policies and organizational structure that it follows in the business conduct, in the report. Department and Structures in Retails The retailers business is a unique business that has its own deportation, controls and operational needs separate from those of other businesses. A retail business comprise of stocking, attracting clients, selling ad keeping records of the same and replenishing the goods sold for future sales. The various departmental coordination is supposed to give a brief of how the business is ran from the business point of view. This also makes the scope for new organizational affectivity and business processes as suited for the kind of transaction that is done in retails. Tesco is a classical example of the departmentalization and structures therein for the suited deliveries with utmost consumer satisfaction. Thus the best of its affectivity in operations is seen in the way they have devised the organizational structure and thus people allocation for the same. The retails makes the mind turn to a different set of operational hierarchy where the best is obtained from the multi talented sales for ce and structural policies of the organization. The each organization is discussed in brief with the business terminology applicable for those (De Clercq et al. 2013). Finances The finance plays a pivotal role in making the organization competent to monitor its finances and allocate the ever changing budget in respect to the profitability with changes as needed. The policies are guided by the broader aspect of financial gains that the business wishes to have with certain change in the secondary financial planning to gain the primary target. The secondary adjustments are made by implementing the product line as primary target of sales that given the maximum profits in same products of different brands. The control of expenditure, the discount scheme, the free gift schemes are all made and needs meticulous judgement of finance before placing it for sales. Further finance also have a role that is statutory in declaration to employees and government about the earnings and mechanisms in place to calculate them. All this balances are in place to get a accurate reading of the financed and sales tally by the senior management to get a scheme of their future desire on practice (Anyadike-Danes et al. 2005). Internal Survey This tool of internal survey plays a pivotal role in defining responsibility of each stuff so that the authorities as well as the clients are aware of it in case of a mishap. New policies or schemes are based on the internal surveys where both employee and clients take part at Tesco. The responsibility fixing, chain of command, hierarchy, new policy communication issues are part of the survey and make a place in the survey report. This not only helps the organization but also aids the people working in an efficient manner where they understands and appreciates the need for the change as recommended and work towards personal benefits. The survey also means that the idea those people working in the business have are being expressed. The best feedback that may come from a person have the ability to turn the business wheels in its favour or have the capacity to improve upon the practices ad gain more consumer satisfaction. The other implication is that this survey gives a great implicati on of the services served and thus the structural and cultural sect of the organization (Rakowska et al. 2015) Evaluation of organizational performance The organization of Tesco is dependent upon its structures for a smooth functioning. The functioning has developed its structures which later controlled the structure to gather and implement the desired out of people. Thus performance evaluation is the key to implement the desired while organizational performance stability is a donation of the organizational performances. The day to day operations needs clarity of responsibility and duties which are further classified in hierarchy that determines who takes what decision and who is responsible for what. This has the duel effect of assignment of task and evaluation of results (De Clercq et al. 2013). The past performances can be well established with present changed performance standards to have an idea of the progress or change for betterment the organization has made. However, success or failure of a policy is time and trial dependent, so the same can be measured and determined with a solid evaluation process that helps the managers to see the difference achieved with the changed agenda. The performance may be dependent upon many issues, especially on what the strategic achievement that the business leaders wish to achieve. It may be on sales volume, new consumer generation, product sales, profit making like quantum on which the performance management of organization is build. Impact to Organization The impact to organization is the changes that the processes have made to the business processes and the profit making or operational structure of the business with the implementation. This evaluation is not a short time job but needs meticulously calculating the past performance with the present needs of business to come to a conclusion of how well the performance is in the business. Thus the impact on organization can be determined by the change that the processes have brought in that can be denoted by numbers to conclude how successful the efforts were. When the change sought is in the production the amount of increase in production rate, the benefits of the same can be found or the targeted sales or shopping pattern changes can also be measured with numerical if the calculating aspects is quantified by the increase in segment that it could draw towards itself with such difference in quantifiable results. The benefits calculated would be the key determinant of the segment. Thus th e structural policy change is determinant from the various decisions that the business undertakes and thus the productivity too is dependent in terms of profit making on the set hierarchy f the retail business (Foshay et al, 2013). The organizational structures of Tesco is there to give an impression on what and how the business is planning to have its operations in respect to the existent market conditions. The organizational culture is well dependent on the same as they closely represent the number of people employed and the job role of each in having the overall business objectives met. Functionally, divisionally and structurally the differences are met depending upon the responsibility and area the manpower is given to manage. The knowledge level and expertise is thus equated on those lines too to determine what the specific area has achieved what and what is expected more out of the areas identified. The manpower and the role of the same in such a case is also pre determined by the business so that it have a clue about what to expect from whole and whom to ask for what. The performance management tools of the Tescos business are also closely tied with the identified hierarchy so that the determination of r ole and its performance is judged in an efficient manner and do not have a holistic approach that de-motivates the performer. Again, the structure determines who reports whom and regarding what making the relationship of repartee with the boss even and measured. The organization has devised its work policies and norms to determine the role of the change adoption, performance enhancement, new training, area specific role through the increased flexibility and clarity of organizational structures (Lindgreen and Hingley, 2003). The factors those determines the individual behaviour is the personality, attitude of service to the consumers and leadership styles that suites the personnel as well as operations of the section of the operations. The Tesco UK have a standardized policy of determining the roles and responsibilities of each section and job processes where the people and the hierarchy is set likewise to support the work and operations of the business. The different leadership style of people also determines the kind of people that the organization has to undertake while enhancing the departmental performance. The lowing of absenteeism, increased motivation to perform, innovation for better output are all the organizational structure formulation gifts which the business undertakes in the organizational development of the business in the short and long term keeping the crunch of other performers in mind. The balance of rewards too is being determines in the same process that is complementing the designe d structure and operations. It also gives a overall clarity of roles and responsibilities giving the people the integration under one Tesco umbrella to give the best of efficiency and get rewarded and help the business to perform its level best (Lindgreen and Hingley, 2003). Conclusion The approaches those determines the Human resource intervention in forming the distinct differences of position, job role and its execution in terms of who is responsible for what is the approach of Tesco management. The human relation approaches, social system approach, the relationship between people in the group and the contingency shifts are all pre-determined in the case of Tesco that gives it the added advantage to business. It gives a clarity to the business of what to do when to do and who is supposed to do a particular in the time of need. Thus the people are aware of their roles and responsibilities and are thus responsible for the same. This keeps ambiguity of performance out while keeps the business and situations there in controlled with a strict of to do and responsibility chain. Its been set under the Maslows theory of hierarchy and Herzbergs two factor theory so that the people are aware of there roles and performs with utmost care of those roles and responsibilities so that as per the Vrooms expectancy theory the operation sees no break of protocol while performing its daily job. List of References Anyadike-Danes, M., Hart, M. and OReilly, M. (2005). Watch that Space! The County Hierarchy in Firm Births and Deaths in the UK, 19801999 . Small Bus Econ, 25(3), pp.273-292. De Clercq, D., Lim, D. and Oh, C. (2013). Hierarchy and conservatism in the contributions of resources to entrepreneurial activity. Small Bus Econ, 42(3), pp.507-522. Foshay, N., Boyle, T. and Mather, J. (2013). A Hierarchy of Metadata Elements for Business Intelligence Information Resource Retrieval. International Journal of Business Intelligence Research, 4(4), pp.33-44. Lindgreen, A. and Hingley, M. (2003). The impact of food safety and animal welfare policies on supply chain management. British Food Journal, 105(6), pp.328-349. MacQueen, J. and Miller, R. (1960). Optimal Persistence Policies. Operations Research, 8(3), pp.362-380. Rakowska, A., Valdes-Conca, J. and de Juana-Espinosa, S. (2015). Affecting Factors of Public Employees Ganizational Commitment. ijsr, 3, p.5.

Sympathetic Essays - Autonomic Nervous System,

Sympathetic Divisions The autonomic nervous system is made up of two divisions. There are many differences between these divisions. First of all there are anatomical and physiological differences. The parasympathetic division of the autonomic system origin is in the craniosacral outflow, the brain stem nuclei of cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X; and spinal cord segments S2-S4. The sympathetic division on the other hand is much more complex than the parasympathetic and is originated in the thoracolumbar outflow. Also, in the lateral horn of gray matter of the spinal cord segments of thoracic 1 to lumbar 2. Another important physiological difference is the location of ganglia in each division. Ganglia of the parasympathetic division are in intramural or close to the visceral organ served. The sympathetic ganglia are located with in a few centimeters of the central nervous system. They are also alongside the vertebral column and anterior to the vertebral column. The relative length of preganglionic and postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions is as such. The parasympathetic have long preganglionic and short postganglionic. The sympathetic are just the opposite, short preganglionic and long postganglionic. There is no rami communication in the parasympathetic division, while the sympathetic division has gray and white rami communication. The functional goal of the parasympathetic division is maintenance functions, to conserve and store energy. The sympathetic division's goal is to provide the body to cope with emergencies and intense muscular activity. There are many effects of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions on various organs. The constricting of muscles and eye pupils stimulates the iris of the eye by the parasympathetic system. The sympathetic effects are the stimualtes of dilator muscles and dilate the eye pupils. The parasympathetic effects of the cilliary muscle of the eye are to stimulate muscles, which result in the bulging of the lens for accommodation and close vision. There are no effects for the sympathetic division. The nasal lacrimal, salivary, gastric, and pancreas glands are effected by the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems. The parasympathetic division stimulates secretory activity, where the sympathetic division inhibits secretory activity and causes vasoconstruction of blood vessels supplying the glands. There is no parasympathetic effect on sweat galnds, the adrenal medulla, or the arrector pili muscles. There are sympathetic effects though. The glands are inhibited by secretory activity causing vasoconstruction of blood vessels supplying the glands. The sweat glands are stimulated copious sweating. The arrector pili muscles are stimulated to contract and produce goosebumps. The parasympathetic division decreases the rate of the heart and slows it down. The sympathetic division increases the rate and force of the heart. The bladder in both divisions is opposite once again. In the parasympathetic of the bladder, the contraction of smooth muscle and the relaxation in the sympathetic division. The parasympathetic constricts for the bronchioles of the lungs, where the bronchioles are dilated in the sympathetic. The liver's sympathetic effect is in epinephrine stimulus of the liver to release glucose to the blood. There is no parasympathetic effect of the liver. In the parasympathetic division the gallbladder contracts to expel bile. In the sympathetic division the gallbladder is relaxed. The parasympathetic division causes the penis and vagina to vasodilateor erect. The sympathetic division causes the penis to ejaculate and the vagina to contract. There is little or no effect of the blood vessels in the parasympathetic division. The sympathetic division constricts most vessels and increases the blood pressure. It also constricts vessels of abdominal viscera and skin to divert blood to muscles, brain, and heart when necessary. The cellular metabolism of the sympathetic division is to increase coagulation. Sympathetic effects; adipose tissue by lipolysis, and mental activity by increasing one's alertness. I found the assignment a little different then most papers I have written do to one fact. I found that I could not put what the book said into my own words. I don't have a wide anatomical vocabulary, so I found that I had to copy a lot of what the book said. I am sure this is similar to some students in the class.

Is the New SAT Harder 6 Challenging Changes

Is the New SAT Harder 6 Challenging Changes SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Significant changes are coming to the SAT in 2016, but the effect they'll have on the student experience is debatable. Is the new SAT harder?It's impossible to tell for sure without any data on new score patterns. In the meantime, we can make a few predictions for how the changes to the format and content of the test could increase its difficulty. In this article, I'll give you an overview of the changes to the test, list some factors that might make it more challenging, and suggest study strategies for students who may struggle on the new SAT. Overview of Changes for the New SAT You should know some relevant background information before we dive into the reasons the test might be more challenging.Here’s a summary of changes you can expect on the new SAT.For more details, check out this article. Overall Format: The new SAT will be out of 1600 points instead of 2400 points. The Reading and Writing (which is now called Writing and Language) sections will be compressed into one section worth 800 points (Math will still have its own section). There will be four answer choices for each question instead of five. There are only four sections plus the essay, similar to the structure of the ACT (Reading, Writing and Language, Math with no calculator, and Math with a calculator). Reading: There will be no more sentence completion questions (all questions are passage-based)! Some questions will ask you to identify textual evidence for your answers to previous questions. You'll see data interpretation questions that will ask you to read charts and graphs that relate to the passages. Writing and Language: All questions will be based on longer passages rather than individual sentences. Writing style (paragraph structure, making logical arguments) will be more important than it was on the old test. You'll see a few data interpretation questions on this section as well. Essay: It's gonna be optional! You'll get 50 minutes instead of 25 You will need to analyze an argument that you read in a passage rather than writing a personal opinion-based response to a prompt. Your essay score won’t impact your Reading and Writing score. Math: There will be some trigonometry on the test. Some problems will have more than one part. There's a no calculator section. Questions will deal with real-world scenarios more frequently, and there will be fewer â€Å"tricky† questions. Ooh so many shiny new changes! Why Might It Be Harder? Here are a few reasons why I think the new SAT could be harder in general. You Can’t Memorize Vocabulary for Points One of the major changes on the new SAT is that there are no more sentence completion questions.The College Board is trying to de-emphasize knowledge of obscure vocabulary words on the test.Many of these words are not relevant to students after high school, and there have been claims that the old sentence completion questions favor wealthier students.On the new SAT, you will see vocabulary in context questions rather than sentence completion questions.These questions will refer to a word in the passage and ask you to choose the answer that represents its most accurate definition given the context. With this new format, memorizing lists of SAT words won’t help you much.You’ll need to have strong overall reading comprehension skills to understand nuances in the definitions of more common words.It’s harder to study for these questions than it might be to study for sentence completion questions because the skills you need are usually acquired over time through independent reading rather than by studying vocab flashcards. Domino Effect on Reading Questions Another new feature on the Reading section is the inclusion of â€Å"find the evidence† questions.You’ll get a question about a reading passage that requires you to make an inferred conclusion.Then, the next question will ask you to choose the evidence that you used for your answer.You’ll have a choice of four different quotes from the passage. I describe this as a â€Å"domino effect† because if you get the first question wrong (or can’t decide on an answer), you’ll probably get the second one wrong too.Even if you get the first question right, you might not be able to pinpoint the quote that fits best as evidence.Since one question relies on the other, it’s easy for things to get messy. I'm presenting this view of the situation because this article is about how the test might be harder. However, it's also possible that these types of questions will make things easier for you instead. Seeing potential direct evidence for your answer might make you realize a mistake on the previous question and actually help to improve your score. I think it's likely that this will balance out the problem. Noooo skinny naked Pillsbury Doughboy! What have you done?! More Reading Overall The new SAT involves a lot more reading than the current (soon to be old) SAT.All the Reading questions are based on passages.Even the Writing questions will reference parts of passages rather than isolated sentences.The essay also involves more reading because you’re asked to analyze an argument made in a passage rather than just reading a short prompt and responding to it. Less Room for Subjectivity and Variation on the Essay The essay is changing a lot on the new version of the test.Whereas before you had to form an opinion and make up your own examples, now you will be asked to analyze an author’s argument. This will make for stricter grading criteria and less flexibility in general.On the new essay, there will be pretty clear correct and incorrect responses. Data Interpretation Questions The new SAT is going to have graphs on the Reading and Writing sections! The horror!This actually isn’t so bad, but it’s different from anything the College Board has done on the test in the past.These new types of questions could be confusing or challenging for some students who aren’t comfortable drawing conclusions in this context (or have avoided the ACT because of the Science section!). More Advanced Math and Writing Content Math problems will get a little more in-depth with the inclusion of word problems that have more than one part in the grid-in section.Higher-level concepts will be tested, including a light sprinkling of basic trigonometry. The Writing section will also test a wider variety of concepts that may be more challenging. The old Writing section primarily focused on grammatical rules, whereas the new SAT Writing section will ask more questions about stylistic choices within long passages.For example, questions will ask you to determine where a sentence belongs logically in a paragraph. Thankfully, only Writing style matters on the new SAT, not sartorial style. You can wear a burlap sack to the test for all I care (but I wouldn't recommend it; that stuff is distractingly itchy). Will It Be Harder for You? How Can You Prepare? It depends partially on what kind of student you are.I’ll go through a few different qualities that might cause students to struggle on the new test and provide prep strategies to help you combat these problems. Case #1: You Tend to Rely on Memorization Like I said in the previous section, memorizing vocabulary words won’t help you much on the new SAT. If you’re a really intense studier and were hoping to ace the Reading section based on memorization skills, you might have some trouble.Understanding meaning in context will be a critical skill, so on-the-spot analytical thinking is more important than remembering the dictionary definition of â€Å"obsequious.† You should still know what obsequious means, though, because it's a fun word, and it describes a lot of people. Study Strategies: Practice with passage-based questions.The best remedy for this issue is to get more comfortable with answering the types of questions that are hard for you.Although there are limited practice resources for the new SAT, passage-based questions on the old SAT will still be helpful to you for this purpose. You can also practice reading comprehension in your daily life.Set aside time every day to read a couple of challenging articles online.Learning through experience is the easiest way to build better reading comprehension skills. Case #2: You’re a Slow Reader The new SAT will have way more reading than the current version, which means that time problems are more likely to happen.All questions in both the Reading and Writing portions are based off of passages rather than individual sentences.If you had trouble with time on the Reading section in the past, the new test might end up being harder. Study Strategies: Again, I’d recommend setting aside more time for independent reading.You can also try and build up your speed by taking practice tests.The key is to start preparing early so that you have time to improve; reading quickly and comprehensively is a skill that you won’t learn overnight. You can also practice with the ACT English and Reading sections.ACT English is very similar to the new SAT Writing section because it’s all based on passages.It's a good idea to check out some strategies for ACT English that will give you better ways to approach this new format.ACT Reading is pretty different from SAT Reading in terms of what the questions look like, but if you’re just trying to improve your reading speed, you should time yourself and try to complete the section. Case #3: You’re Less Confident in Math and Science The new SAT will test slightly more advanced concepts in Math, and it will also include a bit of data interpretation.If the Math section is the scariest part of the SAT for you, the new test could be more of a challenge.Math will also make up a greater proportion of your score with the elimination of the separate Writing section (half of the test versus a third).Your math skills will have a greater influence on your overall performance. Study Strategies: You can also use the ACT as a resource in this situation.The ACT Science section will give you some practice with data interpretation questions.ACT Math problems are more aligned with the format of the math section on the new SAT as well (trigonometry, more straightforward problems).Make sure you’re comfortable with any formulas that might show up on the test.You can also buy a review book that’s specifically designed to improve your math skills. If all you see when you look at this image is a terrible drawing of a staircase, you might have reason to be concerned about the new SAT. Conclusion: Is the New SAT Harder? That really depends on what's challenging for you! Changes thatmight make the testmore difficult include: Memorization won’t help you as much Some reading questions depend on one another There’s more reading overall The essay has a less flexible grading structure You’ll have to do some data interpretation Math and Writing concepts are a little more advanced You personally may find the new SAT particularly difficult if: You tend to rely on memorization for your vocabulary knowledge Speed reading is not your forte Your skills in Reading and Writing are significantly stronger than your skills in Math The good news is that now you know what’s going to be on the test, and you can prepare accordingly.If you think you might struggle, make sure you plan your studying well in advance so that you aren’t caught off guard by the demands of the new format. What's Next? How can you set an appropriate goal for your score on the new SAT? Read this article for some advice on calculating a target score based on your plans for college. The new SAT is similar to the ACT in many ways. Check out this article for a full breakdown of the difference and similarities between the two tests. Should you even take the new SAT, or is the ACT a better choice? This article will guide you in figuring out which one suits you better. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement

Care should be taken, however, to ensure that deals are accurately valued, taking into account all considerations, such as relationship value, time value of money and the likelihood that the other party will live up to their side of the bargain. These other considerations are often difficult to value, since they are frequently based on uncertain or qualitative considerations, rather than easily measurable and quantifiable factors. The BATNA is often seen by negotiators not as a safety net, but rather as a point of leverage in negotiations. Although a negotiator’s alternative options should, in theory, be straightforward to evaluate, the effort to understand which alternative represents a party’s BATNA is often not invested. Options need to be real and actionable to be of value,[1] however without the investment of time, options will frequently be included that fail on one of these criteria. [citation needed] Most managers overestimate their BATNA whilst simultaneously investing too little time into researching their real options. [citation needed] This can result in poor or faulty decision making and negotiating outcomes. Negotiatiors also need to be aware of the other negotiator’s BATNA and to identify how it compares to what they are offering. 2] BATNA was developed by negotiation researchers Roger Fisher and William Ury of the Harvard Program on Negotiation (PON), in their series of books on Principled negotiation that started with Getting to YES, unwittingly duplicating a game theory concept pioneered by Nobel Laureate John Forbes Nash decades earlier in his early undergraduate research. [citation needed] Contents [hide] 1 Definitions 2 Examples 2. 1 Selling a car 2. 2 Purchasing 3 See also 4 References 5 External links [edit]Definitions BATNA An acronym defined by negotiation researches Roger Fisher and William Ury which means Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement. 3] It is the alternative action that will be taken if your proposed agreement with another party result in an unsatisfactory agreement or when an agreement cannot be reached. Historical Theories The Nash Equilibrium as developed by John Forbes Nash, the father of Game Theory, is described in Getting to YES[3] as the underlying idea for the concept of BATNA in negotiation (Roger B. Myerson, April 1996). [4] In a nutshell, Nash Equilibrium theory explains that, if in a group of players, each player has in consideration the other player’s decisions, then no one will benefit from altering their decisions, if the other players haven’t either. 5] Example of Nash Equilibrium Theory Amy and Phil are in Nash Equilibrium if Amy is making the best decision she can, taking into account Phil’s d ecision, and Phil is making the best decision he can, taking into account Amy’s decision. Likewise, a group of players are in Nash Equilibrium if each one is making the best decision that he or she can, taking into account the decisions of the others. We cannot think of BATNA without first understanding the notion of negotiation. Negotiation has been part of the â€Å"business† mentality of human beings as we know it, since the beginning of mankind. Take for example the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, one of the longest ongoing negotiations of the kind, based primarily on the dispute over land (UN, 1948). We negotiate every single day of our lives; whether it is goods, commodities, ideas, positions, or money. The list could be endless. For this reason knowing how to negotiate is very important. The idea is to have all parties mutually satisfied with the results achieved through the highest standards of (Ethics) and legitimate standards. In no other time of world history as the modern days, has the ability and the necessity of knowing how to negotiate, using sophisticated tools and civil discourse been so essential to society. As explained in Getting to YES, â€Å"We are each participants in a pioneering generation of negotiators†¦ it is central to human life and the survival of our species. â€Å"[3] Negotiations Concepts Leading to Good BATNA A ruthless, aggressive and cold blooded negotiation style is the framework approach most people have when it comes to negotiation,[6] a theoretical example of that is Adversarial Approach Style Negotiation. 6] But in reality, as mentioned by experts and researchers such as Fisher and Ury [3] it doesn’t have to be that way. As the world moves to more sophisticated platforms of communication, negotiation follows the trend and Problem-Solving Approach(citation) is in a way, the â€Å"antidote† of Adversarial Approach Style Negotiation. Getting to YES[3] sugge st an Interest-Based Model for the use of Problem-Solving Approach. Interest-Based Model focus on separating the person (positional) from the problems (resolution) and then concentrate on the resolution. This way allowing for both parties in a distributive way to get the results they both want. ABC’s of BATNA Having a BATNA (Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement) as part of the negotiation is imperative as the name explains. No one should come to the negotiation table without a BATNA. [7] This will allow for intelligent negotiation and bargain zones. In addition to having a BATNA, parties should have a Bottom Line or Reservation Price. What this prevents is that neither party will come out with agreements they don’t need[3] Often, parties go to the negotiation table with what they imagine is a great BATNA. For example, how many times have you walked into a job interview with no other solid job offers in hand, let alone perspective of solid salaries, benefits and other great things you are looking for in a job. [3] The ability to be in a powerful position so the negotiation can be intelligent and satisfactory to both parties requires preparation and research. So do not cut yourself short for the lack of having a better BATNA at all times. [3] If having a good BATNA in essential, developing a BATNA is equally important. Let’s assume that you are going to work for a company that is not offering you the salary you desire. Instead, you know that they offer other perks such as, company cars, luxurious vacation homes, and state-of-the-art computers and laptops to their employees. In other words, Alternatives. [3] Attractive Alternatives is what you want to explore in order to develop a very strong BATNA. In Getting to YES, the authors give 3 suggestions of how you can accomplish this: Inventing a list of actions you might take if no agreement is reached Converting some of the more promising ideas and transforming them into tangible and partial alternatives Selecting the alternative that sounds best BATNA rules Parties should never disclose their BATNA, unless, the alternative is better. In other words, if your best alternative to a negotiated agreement is better than what the other party is offering, then disclosing it, is to your advantage. If on the other hand it is worse, then do not disclose it. BATNA in Cross Cultural Frameworks Currently in the United States and due to recent world events, there are more and more individuals with a different cultural background and approach to negotiation. When individuals come to the negotiation and bargaining table ready to use their BATNA, and one of the parties is from a different culture, there is a tremendous game change in approach. Both parties need to think and account for cultural cognitive behaviors. Both parties must expand their thinking negotiation hats by not allowing external judgment and biases to affect the negotiation. As mentioned earlier, separate the individual from the objective[3] For example imagine you are negotiating with a party from an Arab Nation. Is this going to effect your view of how you are going to negotiate? Or even if you are the party from that nation, are you prepared to receive an offer lower than your BATNA because you know you are from a different culture. The previous is a very simple example, but the purpose here as Gulliver[8] mentioned, is for negotiation parties to be aware. Disclosure This is a very new topic in negotiation and there aren’t many frameworks in place to help this scenario. Nonetheless, preparation at all levels, including prejudicial free thoughts, emotional free behavior, biases free behavior are just a few ways according to the Handbook of Negotiations and Culture[9] that can helps in the right direction. edit]Examples The following examples illustrate the basic principles of identifying the BATNA and how to use it in further negotiations to help value other offers. [edit]Selling a car If the seller of a car has a written offer from a dealership to buy the seller’s car for $1,000, then the seller’s BATNA when dealing with other potential purchasers would be $1,000 since the seller can get $1,000 for the car even without reaching an agreement with an alternative purchaser. In this example, other offers that illustrate the difficulty of valuing qualitative factors might include: An offer of $900 by a close relative An offer of $1,100 in 45 days (what are the chances of this future commitment falling through, and would the seller’s prior BATNA (the $1,000 offer from the dealership) still be available if it did? ) An offer from another dealer to offset $1,500 against the price of a new car (does the seller want to buy a new car right now, and the offered car in particular? ) [edit]Purchasing Buyers are often able to leverage their BATNA with regards to prices. This is done through buying from the lowest cost or best value seller. [edit]See also Getting to YES Getting past No Conflict resolution research Alternative Dispute Resolution in a Nutshell [edit]References ^ Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement | Negotiation Experts ^ Negotiation, Readings, Exercises and Cases, Roy J. Lewicki ^ a b c d e f g h i j Fisher and Ury, Roger and William (2011). Getting to YES. Penguin Books. pp. 1–170. ISBN 978-0143118756. ^ Myerson, Roger B. â€Å"Nash Equilibrium and the History of Economic Theory†. Nash Equilibrium and the History of Economic Theory. Journal of Economic Literature. Retrieved 1 October 2012. ^ Hawkins and Steiner, Jeff and Neil. â€Å"The Nash Equilibrium Meets Batna†. Gamed Therory Varied Ueses in ADR. Harvard University Press. Retrieved 1 October 2012. ^ a b Nolan-Haley, Jaqueline M (2001). Alternative Dipute Resolution in a Nutshel. Thomson West. pp. 39–50. ISBN ISBN 978-0314180148. ^ Honeyman and Schneider, Andrea and Chistopher (2006). The Negotiators Fieldbook: Desktop Reference. American Bar Association. pp. 200–300. ISBN 978-1590315453. ^ Gulliver, P. H (1979). Disputes and Negotiation: A Cross Culture Perspective. Academic Press. p. 287. ^ Brett and Gelfand, Jeanne and Michael (2004). The Handbook of Negotiations and Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement Care should be taken, however, to ensure that deals are accurately valued, taking into account all considerations, such as relationship value, time value of money and the likelihood that the other party will live up to their side of the bargain. These other considerations are often difficult to value, since they are frequently based on uncertain or qualitative considerations, rather than easily measurable and quantifiable factors. The BATNA is often seen by negotiators not as a safety net, but rather as a point of leverage in negotiations. Although a negotiator’s alternative options should, in theory, be straightforward to evaluate, the effort to understand which alternative represents a party’s BATNA is often not invested. Options need to be real and actionable to be of value,[1] however without the investment of time, options will frequently be included that fail on one of these criteria. [citation needed] Most managers overestimate their BATNA whilst simultaneously investing too little time into researching their real options. [citation needed] This can result in poor or faulty decision making and negotiating outcomes. Negotiatiors also need to be aware of the other negotiator’s BATNA and to identify how it compares to what they are offering. 2] BATNA was developed by negotiation researchers Roger Fisher and William Ury of the Harvard Program on Negotiation (PON), in their series of books on Principled negotiation that started with Getting to YES, unwittingly duplicating a game theory concept pioneered by Nobel Laureate John Forbes Nash decades earlier in his early undergraduate research. [citation needed] Contents [hide] 1 Definitions 2 Examples 2. 1 Selling a car 2. 2 Purchasing 3 See also 4 References 5 External links [edit]Definitions BATNA An acronym defined by negotiation researches Roger Fisher and William Ury which means Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement. 3] It is the alternative action that will be taken if your proposed agreement with another party result in an unsatisfactory agreement or when an agreement cannot be reached. Historical Theories The Nash Equilibrium as developed by John Forbes Nash, the father of Game Theory, is described in Getting to YES[3] as the underlying idea for the concept of BATNA in negotiation (Roger B. Myerson, April 1996). [4] In a nutshell, Nash Equilibrium theory explains that, if in a group of players, each player has in consideration the other player’s decisions, then no one will benefit from altering their decisions, if the other players haven’t either. 5] Example of Nash Equilibrium Theory Amy and Phil are in Nash Equilibrium if Amy is making the best decision she can, taking into account Phil’s d ecision, and Phil is making the best decision he can, taking into account Amy’s decision. Likewise, a group of players are in Nash Equilibrium if each one is making the best decision that he or she can, taking into account the decisions of the others. We cannot think of BATNA without first understanding the notion of negotiation. Negotiation has been part of the â€Å"business† mentality of human beings as we know it, since the beginning of mankind. Take for example the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, one of the longest ongoing negotiations of the kind, based primarily on the dispute over land (UN, 1948). We negotiate every single day of our lives; whether it is goods, commodities, ideas, positions, or money. The list could be endless. For this reason knowing how to negotiate is very important. The idea is to have all parties mutually satisfied with the results achieved through the highest standards of (Ethics) and legitimate standards. In no other time of world history as the modern days, has the ability and the necessity of knowing how to negotiate, using sophisticated tools and civil discourse been so essential to society. As explained in Getting to YES, â€Å"We are each participants in a pioneering generation of negotiators†¦ it is central to human life and the survival of our species. â€Å"[3] Negotiations Concepts Leading to Good BATNA A ruthless, aggressive and cold blooded negotiation style is the framework approach most people have when it comes to negotiation,[6] a theoretical example of that is Adversarial Approach Style Negotiation. 6] But in reality, as mentioned by experts and researchers such as Fisher and Ury [3] it doesn’t have to be that way. As the world moves to more sophisticated platforms of communication, negotiation follows the trend and Problem-Solving Approach(citation) is in a way, the â€Å"antidote† of Adversarial Approach Style Negotiation. Getting to YES[3] sugge st an Interest-Based Model for the use of Problem-Solving Approach. Interest-Based Model focus on separating the person (positional) from the problems (resolution) and then concentrate on the resolution. This way allowing for both parties in a distributive way to get the results they both want. ABC’s of BATNA Having a BATNA (Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement) as part of the negotiation is imperative as the name explains. No one should come to the negotiation table without a BATNA. [7] This will allow for intelligent negotiation and bargain zones. In addition to having a BATNA, parties should have a Bottom Line or Reservation Price. What this prevents is that neither party will come out with agreements they don’t need[3] Often, parties go to the negotiation table with what they imagine is a great BATNA. For example, how many times have you walked into a job interview with no other solid job offers in hand, let alone perspective of solid salaries, benefits and other great things you are looking for in a job. [3] The ability to be in a powerful position so the negotiation can be intelligent and satisfactory to both parties requires preparation and research. So do not cut yourself short for the lack of having a better BATNA at all times. [3] If having a good BATNA in essential, developing a BATNA is equally important. Let’s assume that you are going to work for a company that is not offering you the salary you desire. Instead, you know that they offer other perks such as, company cars, luxurious vacation homes, and state-of-the-art computers and laptops to their employees. In other words, Alternatives. [3] Attractive Alternatives is what you want to explore in order to develop a very strong BATNA. In Getting to YES, the authors give 3 suggestions of how you can accomplish this: Inventing a list of actions you might take if no agreement is reached Converting some of the more promising ideas and transforming them into tangible and partial alternatives Selecting the alternative that sounds best BATNA rules Parties should never disclose their BATNA, unless, the alternative is better. In other words, if your best alternative to a negotiated agreement is better than what the other party is offering, then disclosing it, is to your advantage. If on the other hand it is worse, then do not disclose it. BATNA in Cross Cultural Frameworks Currently in the United States and due to recent world events, there are more and more individuals with a different cultural background and approach to negotiation. When individuals come to the negotiation and bargaining table ready to use their BATNA, and one of the parties is from a different culture, there is a tremendous game change in approach. Both parties need to think and account for cultural cognitive behaviors. Both parties must expand their thinking negotiation hats by not allowing external judgment and biases to affect the negotiation. As mentioned earlier, separate the individual from the objective[3] For example imagine you are negotiating with a party from an Arab Nation. Is this going to effect your view of how you are going to negotiate? Or even if you are the party from that nation, are you prepared to receive an offer lower than your BATNA because you know you are from a different culture. The previous is a very simple example, but the purpose here as Gulliver[8] mentioned, is for negotiation parties to be aware. Disclosure This is a very new topic in negotiation and there aren’t many frameworks in place to help this scenario. Nonetheless, preparation at all levels, including prejudicial free thoughts, emotional free behavior, biases free behavior are just a few ways according to the Handbook of Negotiations and Culture[9] that can helps in the right direction. edit]Examples The following examples illustrate the basic principles of identifying the BATNA and how to use it in further negotiations to help value other offers. [edit]Selling a car If the seller of a car has a written offer from a dealership to buy the seller’s car for $1,000, then the seller’s BATNA when dealing with other potential purchasers would be $1,000 since the seller can get $1,000 for the car even without reaching an agreement with an alternative purchaser. In this example, other offers that illustrate the difficulty of valuing qualitative factors might include: An offer of $900 by a close relative An offer of $1,100 in 45 days (what are the chances of this future commitment falling through, and would the seller’s prior BATNA (the $1,000 offer from the dealership) still be available if it did? ) An offer from another dealer to offset $1,500 against the price of a new car (does the seller want to buy a new car right now, and the offered car in particular? ) [edit]Purchasing Buyers are often able to leverage their BATNA with regards to prices. This is done through buying from the lowest cost or best value seller. [edit]See also Getting to YES Getting past No Conflict resolution research Alternative Dispute Resolution in a Nutshell [edit]References ^ Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement | Negotiation Experts ^ Negotiation, Readings, Exercises and Cases, Roy J. Lewicki ^ a b c d e f g h i j Fisher and Ury, Roger and William (2011). Getting to YES. Penguin Books. pp. 1–170. ISBN 978-0143118756. ^ Myerson, Roger B. â€Å"Nash Equilibrium and the History of Economic Theory†. Nash Equilibrium and the History of Economic Theory. Journal of Economic Literature. Retrieved 1 October 2012. ^ Hawkins and Steiner, Jeff and Neil. â€Å"The Nash Equilibrium Meets Batna†. Gamed Therory Varied Ueses in ADR. Harvard University Press. Retrieved 1 October 2012. ^ a b Nolan-Haley, Jaqueline M (2001). Alternative Dipute Resolution in a Nutshel. Thomson West. pp. 39–50. ISBN ISBN 978-0314180148. ^ Honeyman and Schneider, Andrea and Chistopher (2006). The Negotiators Fieldbook: Desktop Reference. American Bar Association. pp. 200–300. ISBN 978-1590315453. ^ Gulliver, P. H (1979). Disputes and Negotiation: A Cross Culture Perspective. Academic Press. p. 287. ^ Brett and Gelfand, Jeanne and Michael (2004). The Handbook of Negotiations and

Consumer behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Consumer behavior - Essay Example can be defined as â€Å"the broad concept that businesses are more than just profit-seeking entities and therefore also have an obligation to benefit society† (Werther & Chandler, 2006: 6-7). Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate consumer attitudes about green and ethical marketing translating into their purchasing behaviour. Further, the impact of green and ethical consumerism on companies adopting corporate social responsibility measures, will be determined. During the 1980s, ethics started affecting purchasing habits due to increase in environmental awareness on the part of consumers, development of green products and the availability of green consumer guides (Doonar, 2005). The concept of green consumerism is related to environmental sustainability in which environmental quality and the conservation of nature’s assets are of prime importance. From the wise use of resources for the sake of future generations, the concept of sustainability evolved to include a focus on nature preservation for intragenerational distribution of nature’s bounty. Sustainability is a continuing process that needs careful planning and implementation to confront the problems facing â€Å"modern agriculture, natural resource management and land use† (Gunning & Holm, 2005: 129). Sustainability takes into account the human factors of production, manufacture and use along with environmental and ecological concerns such as global warming, acid rain, deforestation, ozone depletion and other occurrences (Strong, 1997). Consumers may opt for one product over another because of political, religious, social, spiritual, environmental or other motives, and may differ in opinion from one another. One common factor among ethical consumers is that they are concerned about the â€Å"effects that a purchasing choice has not only on themselves, but also on the external world around them† (Harrison et al, 2005: 2). Choosing organic foods because of a concern that pesticide use

Best is the new worst and glamour, that certain something Research Paper

Best is the new worst and glamour, that certain something - Research Paper Example Print media showed women with long hair and meat on their body to be the most desirable. However gradually with time the perception of being beautiful changed from limited curves on a woman’s body along with short hair. Media revolves around the concept of picking up an ideal fashion of the society and conveys it to the audience so that the audience can adopt that particular fashion. It is through these channels that the large audience is being controlled by the media. People who watch television get inspired by some sort of fashion and try to adopt it. To become cool in the society one tries to imitate the person that they watch on the different forms of traditional media. Media does affect our perception of beauty in one way or the other and at times this can prove to be disastrous for the people whose perceptions are being tangled with (Gallagher 2009). References How the Media Changes Our Perception of Beauty. Tammy Gallagher. 2009. Associated Content.

According to Congress Essay Example for Free

According to Congress Essay Culture is the arrangement of aggregate beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the associates of association use to cope with their apple and with one another, and that are transmitted from bearing to bearing through learning. It comprises all the ability and ethics aggregate by a association or the attitudes and behavior that are adapted of a accurate amusing accumulation or organization. It is the accumulated habits, attitudes, and behavior of a accumulation of humans that ascertain for them their accepted behavior and way of life; the absolute set of abstruse activities of a people. See more: Ethnic groups and racism essay According to Congress (1997), there are alone and cultural differences in agreement of affliction administration because there are patients who wish connected affliction medication while others abjure their charge for affliction reliever. Since the role of the bloom affliction provider is to advice patients apostle for what feels adapted for them aural their cultural ambience there are times if compassionate the accommodating may be difficult abnormally if patients are from altered cultures and allege altered languages Competence in a accurate profession does not alone cover ability and ability in the specific acreage or discipline. It is as well important that as a medical amount holder, the getting knows how to acquaint and collaborate with altered individuals with differing culture. Issues on race, gender, age, adoration and socio-economic cachet should be dealt with abundant abilities so as to abstain absurd confrontations. This will advice advance and advance adapted and acceptable alive relationships in the workplace. Littlejohn (2002) mentioned and provided account apropos the access of allegorical interactions which states that amusing structures and meanings are created and maintained in amusing interaction, that humans act in accordance with their abstract understandings of the situation, that people’s activity is based on their interpretations and that amusing activity is fabricated up of alternation processes rather than structures and is accordingly consistently changing. Using this access as a advance and applying its abstraction in the conveyance of podiatry, the bloom affliction provider should accept the accommodation to accept the apropos of the patient. There will be times if the accommodating will not be absolute and absolute in cogent the medical getting of his or her appraisal of the bloom affliction provided. It is the albatross of the bloom affliction provider to be acute to the needs of the patient. Observing his or her (the patient) behavior and attitudes appear situations and humans will advice in ambience the appropriate affection and action to conduct the able advice and abetment the getting to her needs. It is important that considerations not just on the bloom of the accommodating but aswell of his or her cultural acclimatization are fabricated by the clinician. Getting an abstraction of area and what blazon of getting the applicant is will accommodate the medical care to accord with the apropos of the audience better. In the profession of medicine, it not alone the concrete bloom of the getting that is getting taken affliction of, the accepted abundance of the getting is as well kept in mind. Humans in this conveyance should apperceive the able access to be acclimated in interacting with specific blazon of accommodating in agreement of his or her cultural orientation. They should be able to accept area the accommodating stands and try to reside up to the standards that they expect. There are times if advice amid the accommodating and the medical cadre is an adversity abnormally if langue aberration amid them exists. Providing instructions, guidelines and prescriptions could be awkward if one of the parties or both of them cannot accept what the added is aggravating to put through. It is accessible again that cultural accomplishment of the getting cannot be afar from the affairs that that he or she lives and has been acclimatized to. The affairs include the routines, the behaviors and attitudes that a getting exhibits. The ability he or she incorporates in his or her circadian activity includes the judgments and tastes that are made. Galanti (1999) cited an archetype in her commodity if cultural differences behest the bearings to be a little complicated due to differing socio-cultural expectations. She aggregate the afterward story: aâ‚ ¬? In the United States, there is generally no one but the assistant to yield affliction of the patientaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s psychosocial needs. The American accommodating who expects the bloom affliction artisan to appearance claimed absorption may apperceive a Filipino assistant who is aggravating to behave appropriately as algid and uncaring. (http://www. ggalanti. com/articles/articles_home_health. html). If it comes to affliction management, for example, it is a actuality that altered patients accept altered interpretations if it comes to the abstraction of pain. There are cultural orientations wherein affliction is advised as a appearance of courage abnormally if the getting has a top affliction tolerance. On the added hand, there are as well patients who feel abhorrent if ambidextrous with concrete affliction as they resort to quick affliction relievers and actual treatment. These types of cases appeal that bloom affliction training in added cultural ambience should be provided with advice as to what a accommodating expects from medical personnel. Rogers (1951) in Staats (1996) declared that anniversary alone has a life force that is afflicted and afflicted by the amusing burden that he or she adventures which hinders claimed and amusing advance and actualization. This is one of the affidavit why treatments are anchored in an area the applicant or accommodating can allocution her apperception advisedly after activity abhorrence and pressure. The atmosphere fostered by able nurses whose plan is anxious with alone development is a abode area their patients feel safe to accurate his or her accurate attributes and cocky (Staats, 1996). In ambidextrous with situations such as the cases mentioned above, it is accordant that the bloom affliction provider, whether he or she is in the podiatry profession or added medical practice, to accept a bright abstraction of the patient’s cultural background. There are just certain instances where in both the bloom affliction provider and the accommodating will be put in a amusing action wherein differences should be bent and accept for a acceptable alive ambiance as able-bodied as for the account of the patient.

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Gish Jen’s â€Å"Who’s Irish and Amy Tan’s â€Å"Two Kinds† both entail two different stories with similar symbols and themes, these stories also demonstrate a vast amount of cultural differences. In â€Å"Who’s Irish† the Chinese grandmother has opposing views on her son-in-law and his inability to get a job, as well as how her granddaughter should be raised. â€Å"Two Kinds† depicts the lifestyle a Chinese mother is trying to create for her young daughter, as all she wants is for her to become a young piano prodigy and not waste the opportunity of the American Dream. Nonetheless they share several attributes that set them apart from each other as they exhibit parallel battles, characters and story lines. It is evident in the text that both mothers represent oppressive and authoritarian personalities which end up getting in the way of their relationships with their daughters. Given both narrators’ unique characteristics a nd continuous consistency of personalities the audience will be able to set them apart and understand the different cultures in which the narrator’s were raised. The narrator uses a vast amount of symbolism in â€Å"Who’s Irish† to vividly bring out the intended themes for the readers. Throughout the story the narrator could not understand why her daughter’s husband is so incompetent, and why he needs to be pampered. When the narrator uses the line, â€Å"plain boiled food, plain boiled thinking† (par. 13-14) she is expressing bigotry toward other cultures and their incompetence to understand what hard work really is. The symbolism here is being used to emphasize cultural difference that has ruled the working criteria of the American citizens. Consequently this is an example of how difficult is it for the narrator to accept other cultur... ...e two stories contrasts each other on their thematic use in the two stories. In ‘Two Kinds†, Jing- Mei is very stubborn and also very naive. It was through her character that she vehemently prevented herself from being an immense piano player which displays she has no desire to obey her mother’s wishes for her. In â€Å"Who’s is Irish† the situation is very different as the grandmother attempts to raise her granddaughter the way she was raised herself, the Chinese way. Lastly, we can distinguish that the theme and the symbolism in the two stories are very much interlinked, the narrators in both stories have clearly emphasized on their theme using symbolism. Symbolism in its own is a form of communication where the listeners will figure out the symbolic representative in relation to the narrative. Symbolism also demonstrates the narrative theme in the real world scenario.

Anatomy And Biomechanics Of Thumb Health And Social Care Essay

In rugger, the rate of hurt is three times higher than association football and football. More figure of hurts faced by the young person of aged 10-18 old ages. 90 % of the hurts to male childs, grownups of age 25-34 old ages besides are at high hazard. The hurts normally occur during lucifer than preparation, 40 % of hurts are muscular strain and bruise and 30 % of hurts are strain developed by break, over usage, laceration and disruption. About 57 % of hurts occur during high pacing of the lucifer, frequently in 2nd half of the lucifer. Frequent hurts will be in upper limb particularly in pollex. Thumb will wound often while undertaking and go throughing the ball. Players who are in decompression sicknesss and sledges will acquire hurts in pollex with laceration and scratch from cleats ( Facts on Rugby hurts, 2009 ) . Thumb plays a major function in human organic structure. It initiates 50 % of manus map as a whole. The pollex is alone from other fingers in both anatomically every bit good as bio-mechanically. ( Ashkenaze, et Al, 1992 ) Anatomically, thumb consists of a metacarpal and two phalanges ; in the distal row of carpal castanetss, trapezium with this bone. ( Donald, 2008 ) . The thumb gives opposition to the other fingers and thenar whilst making grasping and preciseness. Thumb is working like a mechanical constituent dynamic ligament and strong musculuss ( Imaeda.T, et Al, 1992 ) . â€Å" The trapeziometacarpal articulation is potentially the most unstable but has adapted to its alone place by particular joint geometry and, in peculiar, a combination of support ligaments that permit a broad scope of gesture yet stableness † ( Imaeda.T, et Al, 1992, The metacarpophalangeal articulation has six-degree freedom of motion, extension and flexin, adduction and abduction, supination and pronation. The scope of motion in thumb metacarpophalangeal articulation is non standard for everyone, the fluctuation is depends on the radius of curvature of the metacarpal caput. Incidence of hurt additions, when there is a restriction in scope of gesture within the articulations. The intrinsic stableness is minimum in metacarpophalangeal articulation ; proper and accessary indirect ligament renders the sidelong support. The beginning of proper indirect ligament is from the sidelong condyles of metacarpal, which lies sidelong and infix on the palmar facet of proximal phalanx. This ligament is tight during flexure and relaxes during extension. The accessary collateral originates from cervix of metacarpal and inserted into the palmar home base and sesamoid bone. This ligament is tight during extension and relaxes during flexure ( Donald, 2008 ) .Carpometacarpal articulationThe articulation of carpometacarpal articulation is between trapezium and base of metacarpal. It is saddle assortment of articulation, which interlocked in return with perpendicular longitudinal axis ( Donald, 2008 ) . Abduction and adduction, this motion occurs in the concave plane of carpometacarpal articulation. The metacarpal axial rotations and semivowels in opposite way during abduction and adduction of carpometacarpal articulation ( perpendicular to handle ) . Flexure and extension, this motion occurs in bulging plane of carpometacarpal articulation. The metacarpal axial rotations and semivowels in same way during flexure and extension of carpometacarpal articulation. ( Norkin, et Al, 1992 ) The anterior volar and posterior oblique ligament, the front tooth and posterior intermetacarpal ligament and dorsal radial ligament provide the ligamentous stableness for trapeziometacarpal articulation. The beginning of anterior ( palmar ) oblique is from trapezium and inserted into palmar portion of the pollex metacarpal. This is the premier ligament for stableness of carpometacarpal articulation. The dorsal ligament is reenforcing by anterior posterior ligament because dorsal ligament is non effectual as palmar ligament ( Donald, 2008 ) .Common INJURIES IN THUMB FOR RUGBY PLAYERSThumb Metacarpal Fracture:Metacarpal caput of thumb break is uncommon, indirect to mobility of CMC articulation of pollex. Mechanism of hurt is direct injury. Shaft break of pollex metacarpal is besides uncommon, indirect to mobility of CMC articulation, due to the presence of strong cortical bone of pollex. High energy is required to fall in the shaft of pollex metacarpal than shaft of metacarpal of othe r finger. Shortening and mal rotary motion leads to fracture of this bone, which happens due to slackness of intermetacarpal ligament and due to altered force of the intrinsic musculuss. Fracture base of pollex metacarpal is common in rugger. Mechanism of hurt is due to the axial burden on partly flexed shaft of metacarpal. The mobility of the CMC is important, minor to the anatomy of trapezium and base of metacarpal. Two sorts of saddle articulations are topographic point in propinquity whose axis is perpendicular to each other ( Donald.R.L, 2008 ) . ‘Ligamentous stableness at the trapeziometacarpal articulation is maintained by the front tooth ( palmar ) and posterior oblique ligaments, anterior and posterior intermetacarpal ligaments, and the dorsal radial ligament ‘ ( Donald, 2008, p-5 ) . Fracture of metacarpal base differentiated into intra articular and excess articular. The intra is articular divided into Bennett ‘s break and Rolando ‘s break. Fractures in excess articular portion of metacarpal base are common. The breaks most likely occur in oblique or in cross manner, which takes topographic point proximal to metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction. Due to the drawing force of adductor pollicis and flexor pollicis brevis and kidnapper pollicis brevis ; the distal fragment adducted and flexed ( Donald.R.L, 2008 ) .Bennett ‘s FractureFracture disruption of first metacarpal with subluxation and carpo metacarpal articular surface break. This break disruption is common in rugger participants. Bennett ‘s break is an intra articular break with subluxation, the subluxation is due to the withdrawal of deep ulnar ligament which is the strong stabilizer for carpo metacarpal articulation. During break, the break segments reposition the joint surface. This in bend causes disruption hence it known as break disruption. The mechanism of hurt is direct blow on partly flexed pollex whilst the participant tries to undertake an opposition. Failure to handle can take to disablement through hold in pinching, bitching and resistance motion of pollex. ( Priano SV, Baratz ME, 2008 )Rolando ‘s Fracture:It is same as Bennett ‘s break with comminuted break at the base of first metacarpal. It is besides called three portion break. There will be in Y or T shaped intra articular break at base of metacarpal. The three shred break parts are base of dorsal metacarpal, bovine spongiform encephalitis of palmar metacarpal and shaft of metacarpal. This break is non common but the forecast is worst than Bennett ‘s break. Mechanism of hurt is increased axial tenseness to the partly flexed pollex, which burst and interrupt the articular surface of first metacarpal. ( Priano, Baratz, 2008 )Fracture of thumb phalanges:The pollex has two phalanges ; distal and proximal phalanx. The most common site of break in pollex phalanges is shaft and caput. The break of distal phalanx divided into intra articular and excess articular break. The excess articular bunch break, normally accompanied with soft tissue hurts like loss of soft tissue, hurt to nail bed and posttraumatic neuromas. Mechanism of hurt is due to direct blow or direct hit. Intra articular break is due to avulsion hurt of the sinew. There are two types of intra articular breaks viz. , mallet break and New Jersey break. Avulsion of extensor sinew is mallet break and flexor digitorum profundus is jersey break. Proximal phalanx breaks are common in phalangeal caput and shaft. ( Laub, Priano, 2008 ) .Ulnar indirect hurtThe ulnar indirect ligament of metacarpophalangeal articulation injured due to the forceful abduction of metacarpophalangeal articulation. There will be partial or full tear of the ligament associated with avulsion break of palmar base of proximal phalanx. ( Le ggit, Meko 2006 ) . In uncomplete rupture, proper ulnar collateral ligament ruptures but the accessary ulnar collateral ligament still integral. In complete rupture, there will be complete rupture of both the proper collateral ligament and accessary indirect ligament. The ulnar indirect ligament normally ruptures from the interpolation of the distal portion, over the proximal phalanx base ( Donald, 2008 ) . When, the distal portion lies superficial and proximal to adductor apponeurosis. This fluctuation called as a Stener lesion. The discrepancy does non mend due to the interjection of the adductor aponeurosis between distal and proximal ligament terminals ( Donald, 2008 ) . ‘Gamekeepers suffered chronic hurt due to contorting the cervixs of game between their pollex and index finger ‘ ( Foye, et al 2007 ) . Hence, it besides called game warden ‘s pollex. It is besides common in athleticss people who play with ball ( rugger, baseball ) . Presence of swelling and contusing on the joint with the thumb hyper extended and deviated laterally. Painful over the ulnar portion of MCP articulation associated with decreased ability of appreciation and pinching ( Foye PM, Raanan J, Stitik TP, 2007 ) . After the exclusion of break, estimate the ligament stabilisation by giving antagonistic force per unit area to one side and using abduction force per unit area to the other side of UCL. Evaluate with uninjured manus ( Donald, 2008 ) .Mallet pollexAvulsion of the extensor sinew causes the pollex to be fixed in partial flexure with the presence of cadaverous fragment. This avulsion occurs due to the high impact flexure of the interphalangeal articulati on. Tendon break will be present in unfastened mallet pollex caused by laceration ( Leggit, Meko, 2006 ) . Closed mallet thumb hurt is non common. The mechanism of closed mallet hurt is indirect to an acute forceful flexure of IP articulation of the pollex ( Donald, 2008 ) .Dislocation of interphalangeal articulation of pollexThe primary motion of interphalangeal articulation is flexure and extension, because interphalangeal joint maps as flexible joint articulation. Interphalangeal joint stableness to ulnar and radial force maintained by collateral and accessary indirect ligament associated with the trochlear form of the joint. A thick hempen gristle known as palmar home base supports the palmar facet of the joint. The palmar home base at interphalangeal articulation has a individual sesamoid in it ; which increase the mechanical advantage of flexor pollicis longus. Freedom in flexure and extension of interphalageal articulation is render by a flexible capsule present dorsally and volarly. The disruption of interphalangeal is uncommon. It occurs largely in dorsal. The mechanism of hurt is hyperextension with rotary motion ( Glickel et al, 2005 ) . The disruption is hard to cut down due to the ruptured palmar home base caparison ( Leggit, Meko, 2006 ) .Dislocation of Metacarpal phalange articulation of pollexPalmar disruption is less common than dorsal disruption. Palmar disruption normally accompanied by the rupture of indirect ligament with hurt to sesamoid bone. The ability to cut down is more palmar than dorsal disruption. The mechanism of hurt in dorsal disruption is hyperextension of metacarpophalangeal articulation, secondary to the autumn on stretched manus over the floor or direct impact over the thumb tip. In the disruption to the dorsal, normally there will be rupturing of palmar home base at proximal and motion at distal. The disruption is irreducible due interjection of palmar home base within the joint ( Glickel et al, 2005 ) .MECHANISM OF THUMB INJURY IN RUGBYTo develop preventative programs, it is of import to hold a good apprehension of the mechanism of hurt ( Gibbs, 1994 ) . The considerable scope of organic structure contact and hit between the participants were the ground behind the hurts in rugger ( Pringle, et Al, 1998 ) . Most of the hurts occur due to physical hit ; hence, bar of hurts is non possible to certain grade. The chief mechanism of most hurts is due to undertaking, which is the of import portion of rugger lucifer. Researches had done to the per centum of hurts in undertaking ; the per centum scope from 38.2 % ( Gabbett, 2003 ) and 77.2 % ( Nortan, et Al, 1995 ) . ‘Results are assorted sing the facet of the tackle doing hurt, with some writers happening more hurts happening to the participant tackled and others to the participant being tackled ‘ ( Hoskins, et Al, 2006, p 49 ) . The playing season have been affected by weariness hurts and repeated micro-trauma, which has an accumulative consequence. The certification of increasing hurt ratio states that as the patterned advance of season, the hurt degree additions, largely in the 2nd half of the season at non-professional ( Gabbett, 2000 ) and semi-professional degree ( Gabbett, 2003 and 04 ) . ‘Gabbett put this correlativity down to an addition in match strength towards finals. It could besides be the consequence or participants transporting hurts that have non to the full resolved ‘ ( Hoskins, et Al, 2006, p 52 ) In thumb most of the hurts occur during the lucifer than in preparation period. Thumb break may happen due to the forceful backward bending. Fracture of phalanges of pollex may happen when pluging a solid object or catching a ball, when the ball forces the thumb backward. During undertaking the opposition participant may nail the pollex by chance. There may be complete or partial tear of the ligaments that stabilizes the pollex articulation ( The doctor and athleticss medical specialty, 1997 ) .TREATMENT FOR THUMB INJURIESSoft TISSUE INJURIESIn soft tissue hurts, immobilisation of thumb articulation is appropriate for partial tear. Splints and patchs used for the immobilisation of the joint. Immobilizations maintained until the hurt heals. After three hebdomads of immobilisation, take the splints for making exercisings like flexure and extension with the aid of pollex. Set back the splints after the exercising, for the protection. Repeat this undertaking for two to three hebdomads, u ntil the swelling and tenderness reduces to certain scope. Apply ice over the hurt for two to three yearss after the hurt. In complete tear, surgery is the appropriate intervention. Avulsion break may happen during complete tear. After surgery, immobilisation done with short-arm dramatis personae or splint to protect the pollex, for six to eight hebdomads ( Sports scientific discipline orthopedic clinic, 2009 ) .Rehabilitation for soft tissue hurt of pollexProper rehabilitation is highly of import for soft tissue hurt. Because for a rugger participant, the one and merely focal point is acquiring back to full strength every bit shortly as possible ; So that they can return to developing and competition. Rest – Rest is most of import in the acute stage of hurt. Do non put to death an activity that causes hurting. Ice – Application of ice or cold battalion will cut down the redness. Apply over the pollex for 15 to 20 proceedingss ; go on this for 4 times a twenty-four hours. Medication – Take anodynes to cut down hurting and redness. Compression- Compressing the pollex with elastic compaction patch helps in cut downing the puffiness and stabilizes the pollex. Stretching – Gentle stretching should get down after the acute stage. Perform stretching in hurting free scope. Keep the stretch for 10 seconds with six repeats ( Sports scientific discipline orthopedic clinic, 2009 ) .FRACTURES OF THUMBPre infirmary attentionApplication of ice to the injured portion will cut down redness. Splinting may avoid motions whilst going to infirmary. The break will go unstable and hard to handle if there is hold in intervention. Prior to the definite intervention the pollex should splinted with tablet to avoid farther harm to the fractured bone.Emergency section attentionThumb breaks are intervened by surgeries. The specializers like manus or orthopedic sawbones make the determination for surgery. The boney alliance will restored by several operative arrested development techniques done by the manus sawbones. This arrested development holds the bone in topographic point until they heal. The internal arrested developments usually used for thumb break are wire, pins, home bases and prison guards. Another method called external arrested development, where the pins in the bone comes out of the tegument and attached to an external arrested development device. The pollex would immobilise with pollex Spica splint for all hurts in pollex ( American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and American Society for Surgery of the Hand, 2003 ) . Well-molded functional brace ( glove type or short arm pollex Spica ) have applied for 4 to 6 hebdomads ( Demirel, 2006 ) .Rehabilitation for thumb breakOutpatient therapy is required for the participants who have sustained break. Duration of intervention depends upon the location, type of break and continuance of immobilisation. The rehabilitation must be furnished depends upon the stableness of the break and direction of the break, whether it is operative or non-operative. The grade of disablement will be act uponing by the forbearance ‘s manus laterality and involved appendage. Restoring full scope of gesture and independency in day-to-day activities with strength will be the premier focal point of rehabilitation ( Hriticko, 1998 ) . To diminish the hurting and restore map is the primary end of rehabilitation. Ice therapy and cold battalions may be utile in cut downing the hurting. If the dominant pollex had been involved, particular attention would given to reconstruct the map of uninvolved fingers. After the remotion of plaster dramatis personae, the healer will get down scope of gesture exercising and strengthening exercising for the fractured pollex. A particular attending should give to intrinsic and extrinsic musculuss of manus ( Feehan, 2004 ) . Full scope of gesture should stress on the injured pollex. Progression in exercising should accomplish after the full map attained ( Krop, 2002 ) .REHABILITATION EXERCISE FOR THUMBThe recovery and possibilities of re-injury is depends upon the restitution and increasing original scope of gesture of the injured pollex articulation. In rugger and in other athleticss and many athleticss activities expose the pollex to injury. Re-injury is uncommon if one time the pollex was injured. This exercising is utile to forestall the hurts in both the pollex ( Sports scientific discipline orthopaedic clinic, 2009 ) . Thumb Extension This exercising would execute in sitting place on chair. The cubitus of the injured side placed over the thigh of the same side. Flex the cubitus at right-angled and fingers are extended. The index of opposite manus should hold on the injured pollex. Draw back the injured pollex gently. The motion would be in pain free scope, halt the motion if hurting exists. Maintain the stretch for 10 seconds and give remainder for 10 seconds. Repeat this exercising for five proceedingss, thrice a twenty-four hours. Notice the patterned advance in scope of motion in each twenty-four hours, the injured pollex draws back a spot farther ( Sports scientific discipline orthopedic clinic, 2009 ) . Thumb Flexion This exercising would execute in sitting place on chair. The cubitus of the injured side placed over the thigh of the same side. Flex the cubitus at right-angled and fingers are extended. Flex the injured pollex inward, touch the base of small finger of the same manus with the tip of the injured pollex. Make this activity in hurting free scope. Keep the place for 10 seconds and loosen up it for 5 seconds. Repeat this activity for 10 times for thrice a twenty-four hours. Progressions in the scope of motion would noticeable in each twenty-four hours. The pollex of injured pollex will touch the base of small finger of the same side ( Sports scientific discipline orthopaedic clinic, 2009 ) . Hand Grasp This exercising would execute in sitting place on chair. The cubitus of the injured side placed over the thigh of the same side. The cubitus is flexed right-angled hold oning ball in the manus. Keep the ball in thenar of the manus and attempt to squash it with the aid of pollex and fingers. Maintain the squeeze for 10 seconds and loosen up the pollex for 5 seconds. Repeat the sequence for 10 times, thrice a twenty-four hours ( Sports scientific discipline orthopaedic clinic, 2009 ) . Alternate Exercises When the rehabilitation exercisings are contraindicated n ague phase, this alternate exercisings may be used. This alternate exercisings, does non necessitate any motion in the injured pollex, which aggravates the hurting in the injured pollex. The alternate exercisings are swimming, jogging, stationary bike ( Sports scientific discipline orthopaedic clinic, 2009 ) .Prevention OF THUMB INJURIES IN RUGBYThumb hurts in rugger are hard to forestall due to the contact and aggressive manner of the athletics. Many hurts are acute and traumatic in nature. The lone manner to forestall thumb hurts by guaranting correct warm up, cool down, beef uping and flexibleness plans ( Sports hurt clinic, 2009 ) . Warm up exercisings Warm up plays a major function in the bar of hurts. Warm will besides assist in bettering the public presentation in the athleticss. The advantages of warming up are: Additions musculus temperature. Additions blood supply and O supply to the musculuss. Increases the scope of motions in the articulation of pollex, therefore cut down the hazard of musculus and ligament tear ( Sports hurt clinic, 2009 ) . Warm up should incorporate: There should be increase in pulse scope for 10 proceedingss to increase the blood and O supply to the musculuss. This can accomplish by making active and inactive motions of the pollex. The motions like flexure, extension and abduction, adduction and rotary motion of the pollex articulation have to execute. Proper stretching technique ensures increase in the scope of motion in the pollex articulation ( Sports hurt clinic, 2009 ) . Cool down exercisings Cool down is resting or puting down. It can assist in cut downing the hazard of hurt and increase the public presentation. The advantage of chilling down is: Decrease the bosom rate bit by bit. Restore the blood supply and O supply to the musculuss to the phase were in before exercising. Wash out the waste merchandises in the musculuss like lactic acid. Decrease in the hazard of musculus tenderness ( Sports hurt clinic, 2009 ) .. Sports massage Regular athleticss massage favours in washout the waste merchandises like lactic acid from musculuss and tight knots, balls in the musculuss can let go of. Hence, if untreated causes strain and tear to the musculuss of pollex ( Sports hurt clinic, 2009 ) ..Protective equipments A assortment of protective equipment and vesture are available specific to the athletics of rugger. Many companies are involved in the design and production of protective equipments. Even though there are many advantages of the equipment, contention still exits ( Gerrard, 1998 ) . Straping and taping Leuko strap- Strapping plays a major function in back uping the articulations during the unsmooth athleticss activities. It even provides compaction, support and rational control to stabilise the injured articulation and ligaments of pollex. It restricts the joint scope of gestures beyond its scope. In which, hurt would be prevented in thumb articulation ( Gerrard, 1998 ) . Long drama support- Wraps gives uninterrupted support to the joint through out the drama. It is made of elastic and cross nylon fibers. It gives excess strength and controlled compaction to the articulations ( Gerrard, 1998 ) . Advantages Protect the recent hurt. Braces can non model to suit a peculiar articulation than a tape is able to cover ( Gerrard, 1998 ) . Practical guidelines A trained individual should use taping Apply tape after the professional probe. Avoid tapping in hapless blood circulation. Check for allergic reactions in skin prior to tapping. Straping should execute in clean and dry country. Avoid strapping over unfastened lesion ( Gerrard, 1998 ) . Braces Long drama support braces- it keeps the pollex joint warm and keep proper circulation. It minimizes the opportunity of hurt and prevents supplanting of articulations. Support brace provides stableness to the pollex articulation. Advantages It is inexpensive and less clip devouring to use. Support the ligament and articulation of the pollex. Players feel comfy to have on ( Albright, et al,1995 ) .