The Definition and Most Popular Methods of Note Taking

Note-taking is the practice of writing down or otherwise recording key points of information. Its an important part of the research process. Notes taken on class lectures or discussions may serve as study aids, while notes taken during an interview may provide material for an essay, article, or book.  Taking notes doesnt simply mean scribbling down or marking up the things that strike your fancy, say  Walter Pauk and Ross J.Q. Owens in their book, How to Study in College. It means using a proven system and then effectively recording information before tying everything together. Cognitive Benefits of Note-Taking Note-taking involves certain cognitive behavior; writing notes engages your brain in specific and beneficial ways that help you grasp and retain information. Note-taking can result in broader learning than simply mastering course content because it helps you to process information and make connections between ideas, allowing you to apply your new knowledge to novel contexts, according to  Michael C. Friedman, in his paper, Notes on Note-Taking: Review of Research and Insights for Students and Instructors, which is part of the  Harvard Initiative for Learning and Teaching. Shelley OHara, in her book, Improving Your Study Skills: Study Smart, Study Less, agrees, stating: Taking notes involves  active listening, as well as connecting and relating information to ideas you already know. It also involves seeking answers to questions that arise from the material. Taking notes forces you to actively engage your brain as you identify whats important in terms of what the speaker is saying and begin to organize that information into a comprehensible format to decipher later. That process, which is far more than simply scribbling what you hear, involves some heavy brainwork. Most Popular Note-Taking Methods Note-taking aids in reflection, mentally reviewing what you write. To that end, there are certain methods of note-taking that are among the most popular: The Cornell method involves dividing a piece of paper into three sections: a space on the left for writing the main topics, a larger space on the right to write your notes, and a space at the bottom to summarize your notes. Review and clarify your notes as soon as possible after class. Summarize what youve written on the bottom of the page, and finally, study your notes.Creating a mind  map is a visual  diagram that lets you organize  your notes in a  two-dimensional  structure, says  Focus. You create a mind map by writing the  subject or headline in  the center  of the page, then add your  notes in the form of branches that  radiate  outward from the center.Outlining  is similar to creating an outline that you might use for a research paper.Charting  allows you to break up information into such categories as similarities and differences; dates, events, and impact; and pros and  cons, according to  East Carolina University.The  sentence method is wh en you record every new thought, fact, or topic on a separate line. All information is recorded, but it lacks [the] clarification of major and minor topics. Immediate review and editing are required to determine how information should be organized, per East Carolina University. Two-Column Method and Lists There are, of course, other variations on the previously described note-taking methods, such as the two-column method, says  Kathleen T. McWhorter, in her book, Successful College Writing, who explains that to use this method: Draw a vertical line from the top of a piece of paper to the bottom. The left-hand column should be about half as wide as the right-hand column. In the wider, right-hand column, record ideas and facts as they are presented in a lecture or discussion. In the narrower, left-hand column, note your own questions as they arise during the class. Making a list  can also be effective, say  John N. Gardner and Betsy O. Barefoot in Step by Step to College and Career Success. Once you have decided on a format for taking notes, you may also want to develop your own system of abbreviations, they suggest. Note-Taking Tips Among other tips offered by note-taking experts:Leave a space between entries so that you can fill in any missing information.Use a laptop and download information to add to your notes either during or after the lecture.Understand that there is a difference between taking notes on what you read and what you hear (in a lecture). If youre unsure what that might be, visit a teacher or professor during office hours and ask them to elaborate. If none of these methods suit you, read the words of author Paul Theroux in his article A World Duly Noted published in The Wall Street Journal in 2013: I write down everything and never assume that I will remember something because it seemed vivid at the time. And once you read these words, dont forget to jot them down in your preferred method of note-taking so that you wont forget them. Sources Brandner, Raphaela. â€Å"How to Take Effective Notes Using Mind Maps.† Focus. East Carolina University. Friedman, Michael C. Notes on Note-Taking: Review of Research and Insights for Students and Instructors. Harvard Initiative for Learning and Teaching, 2014. Gardner, John N. and Betsy O. Barefoot. Step by Step to College and Career Success. 2nd ed., Thomson, 2008. McWhorter, Kathleen T. Successful College Writing. 4th ed, Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2010. OHara, Shelley. Improving Your Study Skills: Study Smart, Study Less. Wiley, 2005. Pauk, Walter and Ross J.Q. Owens. How to Study in College. 11th ed, Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2004. Theroux, Paul. A World Duly Noted. The Wall Street Journal, 3 May 2013.

Judgement and Decision Making Text Abstracts - 2572 Words

Reading 1.3 Jackall, R. (1988) Chapter 4, ‘Looking Up and Looking Around’, in Moral Mazes, Oxford University Press, NY. Abstract In the early sections of â€Å"Looking Up and Looking Around† Jackall seeks to explain the reasons behind inadequate decision making processes and ability. The circumstances and environments that cultivate ‘decision-making paralysis’ and a lack of individual decision making ability are explained. Numerous examples and reasons are outlined to communicate a manager’s fear of failure, reluctance to make decisions and inability to make effective decisions when required at all hierarchical levels. If a decision must be made, particularly for an unexpected situation or problem, there is a tendency to look up, at†¦show more content†¦Example Our section owns nine safety boats that are used by numerous units around Australia. We needed to downsize the fleet to five craft to save on sustainment costs and other expenses. We required a decision from higher headquarters in order to decide on how the craft would be distributed among the user units. The decision from higher headquarters was delayed a number of times as the member responsible for the decision did not want to offend the unit commanders by taking craft off them, while other units got to keep theirs. Eventually, the decision on allocation was passed to the member’s commander, who was well above the level required a decision of this nature. By simply looking at the merits of who needed the craft the most and allocating based on that reasoning the decision could have occurred a lot quicker and at an appropriate level. This decision-making paralysis at a higher level significantly affected our ability to conduct our work. Reading 4.2 Reason, J. (1990) ‘A general view of accident causation in complex systems’, in Human Error, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 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Book Report on Nickled and Dimed Free Essays

Victoria Conrardy Mrs. Lord A. P. We will write a custom essay sample on Book Report on Nickled and Dimed or any similar topic only for you Order Now English 11 February 21, 2013 AP Book Project Part One Introduction 1. Title-Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America is significant because Ehrenreich does explain how many do â€Å"survive† off of minimum wage which really is not much. 2. Author-Barbara Ehrenreich is seventy-one years of age and is a widely-read and award-winning  columnist  and  essayist, and author of 21 books which include: Blood Rites; The Worst Years of Our Lives; and Fear of Falling. 3. Persona- Ehrenreich persona is described as credible because she displays her story through real events because she admits to have mildly conquered her challenge of testing to see how complex it is for the working class. She proves her theory by stating â€Å"[Someone ought to do the old-fashioned kind of journalism-you know, go out there and try it for themselves. ]† in the Introduction section. 4. Passage- Ehrenreich, Barbara. †Serving in Florida. â€Å"Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America. New York: Henry Holt and Company, LLC, 2001. 11-49. Print 5. Prompt Selection- Prompt One-Read the chapter you selected and then write an essay analyzing the rhetorical techniques the author uses to convey his or her attitude toward the subject. Part Two: Passage Analysis How you ever wondered why your parent’s always made you clean the house â€Å"the right way† or why they keep nagging you to clean up the simplest messes? They just wanted you to appreciate what they have provided for you and the family because their jobs take a huge toll on their life, usually doesn’t pay well and could be gone within seconds. Barbara Ehrenreich of Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America takes on the challenge to prove how tough adults actually work to keep all the nice things through imagery, diction, and tone. Barbara Ehrenreich a common wealthy lad starts off the challenge in Key West, Florida where she actually lives and uses imagery to describe her expressions. She feels anxious about the idea and fears that someone will recognize her in â€Å"disguise† but she attempts to find a place to live. She estimates that if she makes $7 an hour she could afford a $500 rent and ends up living in a â€Å"cabin† in the â€Å"swampy backyard† where her landlord lives with his girlfriend. Her next step is to look for applications fit for her ideal job which involves â€Å"†¦certain supermarket jobs, such as deli clerk, or housekeeping in the hotels and guest houses†¦Ã¢â‚¬  which uses a strong detailed diction. She then gets dolled up and within 3-4 days of no calls, decides to try out to be a waitress and immediately interviews her, ending with â€Å"When can you work? and informing her about the uniform for Hearthside which was just a matter of â€Å"being in the right time at the right time†. While entering Hearthside, she hears â€Å"Fuck this Shit! † and Gail, a co-work who trains Barbara, comes to her rescue and explains, â€Å"That’s just Billy†, â€Å"[He’s on the rag again]-a condition occasioned, in this instance, b y the fact that the cook on the morning shift had forgotten to thaw out the steaks. †, and gets back to â€Å"running-around† and taking orders. Hearthside only pays $2. 3 an hour plus tips and the employee service isn’t the best but she still manages to hang in there for quite a while. Within a couple of weeks, Barbara realizes that she doesn’t have enough money to pay for the next rent and decides looking for a second job. She gets hired at â€Å"Jerry’s† which she describes by using a sarcastic tone, â€Å"Picture a fat person’s Hell, and I don’t mean a place with no food. †, but what she really means is a gross, sticky place forcing the employers to walk â€Å"like Susan McDougal in leg irons. , with absolutely no time to be sitting unless in the bathroom, with a rude management â€Å"†¦whose contribution is to stand by the kitchen counter and yell†¦ †. Barbara quits Hearthside and becomes a part-tim e employee at Jerry’s due to the better pay. Finally she quit Jerry’s because she couldn’t handle all the raucous being held and moved on to land her â€Å"dream job† as a housekeeper. Barbara implies that getting your â€Å"dream-life† that you’ve planned out since you were in high school doesn’t always work out. You might have to quit a job to focus more on school or an activity or might have to find a second job to keep up with the rent. So now that you some-what understand how tough the â€Å"real-world† is hopefully you’ll become more appreciative towards things. Part Three: Book Review I really enjoyed reading this book because I felt it really applied to me and my future. It helped me unlock new thoughts about jobs I might want to consider due to whom will pay better, working environments, and physical effects. She does mention different jobs she did take and the struggles she heard/learned about from her fellow co-workers Annette and Tina, as mentioned on page 26, â€Å"Annette, a twenty-year-old server who is six months pregnant and abandoned by her boyfriend, lives with her mother, a postal clerk. † and â€Å"Tina, another server, and her husband are paying $60 a night for a room in the Days Inn. This is because they have no car†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . I also really enjoyed the fact that Ehrenreich went out and tried to live a â€Å"normal† working class life because it will soon apply to me and gives me a better deal of how to balance and handle jobs. How to cite Book Report on Nickled and Dimed, Essay examples

Business Organization And Policy Human Resource Intervention

Question: Task: Mergers and acquisitions cannot be allowed to take place in the business environment uncontrolled, as they pose serious threats to the economy and society at large. On the other hand, they cannot be stopped outright as they also have some positive attributes. You are required to analyse the accompanying Case Study and write an analytical business report that covers the following three tasks: Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of mergers and acquisitions to the business environment. Examine and evaluate the laws governing Mergers and Acquisitions in the UK. Discuss how Shell Plc (the oil company) can practise CSR to improve the quality of life in the society in which they operate and the wider business environment.? Answer: Introduction The business organization is based out of its unique structures which help the business to give the best of services to the people with its policy and structures. The Tesco from UK, the major in the retail store segment is been selected to express the organization structures ad policy that helps the business to extract the best of mileage from the market that it operates in. MacQueen and Miller (1960) suggest that having solid organizational policy makes the working of the business efficient where all knows what to do in which situation thus helping the clients and the business mutually. The policies are the set of boundaries that the business set to have the operations standardized and the business processes have an identical flow in each case. Hence, it can be said that the business implements the policies and structures in accordance to the operational affectivity in the mark of oligopoly which makes it distinct from others. The policies and structure also ensures the effectivenes s and management controls over the business process. Tesco the retailer is been chosen to illustrate the policies and organizational structure that it follows in the business conduct, in the report. Department and Structures in Retails The retailers business is a unique business that has its own deportation, controls and operational needs separate from those of other businesses. A retail business comprise of stocking, attracting clients, selling ad keeping records of the same and replenishing the goods sold for future sales. The various departmental coordination is supposed to give a brief of how the business is ran from the business point of view. This also makes the scope for new organizational affectivity and business processes as suited for the kind of transaction that is done in retails. Tesco is a classical example of the departmentalization and structures therein for the suited deliveries with utmost consumer satisfaction. Thus the best of its affectivity in operations is seen in the way they have devised the organizational structure and thus people allocation for the same. The retails makes the mind turn to a different set of operational hierarchy where the best is obtained from the multi talented sales for ce and structural policies of the organization. The each organization is discussed in brief with the business terminology applicable for those (De Clercq et al. 2013). Finances The finance plays a pivotal role in making the organization competent to monitor its finances and allocate the ever changing budget in respect to the profitability with changes as needed. The policies are guided by the broader aspect of financial gains that the business wishes to have with certain change in the secondary financial planning to gain the primary target. The secondary adjustments are made by implementing the product line as primary target of sales that given the maximum profits in same products of different brands. The control of expenditure, the discount scheme, the free gift schemes are all made and needs meticulous judgement of finance before placing it for sales. Further finance also have a role that is statutory in declaration to employees and government about the earnings and mechanisms in place to calculate them. All this balances are in place to get a accurate reading of the financed and sales tally by the senior management to get a scheme of their future desire on practice (Anyadike-Danes et al. 2005). Internal Survey This tool of internal survey plays a pivotal role in defining responsibility of each stuff so that the authorities as well as the clients are aware of it in case of a mishap. New policies or schemes are based on the internal surveys where both employee and clients take part at Tesco. The responsibility fixing, chain of command, hierarchy, new policy communication issues are part of the survey and make a place in the survey report. This not only helps the organization but also aids the people working in an efficient manner where they understands and appreciates the need for the change as recommended and work towards personal benefits. The survey also means that the idea those people working in the business have are being expressed. The best feedback that may come from a person have the ability to turn the business wheels in its favour or have the capacity to improve upon the practices ad gain more consumer satisfaction. The other implication is that this survey gives a great implicati on of the services served and thus the structural and cultural sect of the organization (Rakowska et al. 2015) Evaluation of organizational performance The organization of Tesco is dependent upon its structures for a smooth functioning. The functioning has developed its structures which later controlled the structure to gather and implement the desired out of people. Thus performance evaluation is the key to implement the desired while organizational performance stability is a donation of the organizational performances. The day to day operations needs clarity of responsibility and duties which are further classified in hierarchy that determines who takes what decision and who is responsible for what. This has the duel effect of assignment of task and evaluation of results (De Clercq et al. 2013). The past performances can be well established with present changed performance standards to have an idea of the progress or change for betterment the organization has made. However, success or failure of a policy is time and trial dependent, so the same can be measured and determined with a solid evaluation process that helps the managers to see the difference achieved with the changed agenda. The performance may be dependent upon many issues, especially on what the strategic achievement that the business leaders wish to achieve. It may be on sales volume, new consumer generation, product sales, profit making like quantum on which the performance management of organization is build. Impact to Organization The impact to organization is the changes that the processes have made to the business processes and the profit making or operational structure of the business with the implementation. This evaluation is not a short time job but needs meticulously calculating the past performance with the present needs of business to come to a conclusion of how well the performance is in the business. Thus the impact on organization can be determined by the change that the processes have brought in that can be denoted by numbers to conclude how successful the efforts were. When the change sought is in the production the amount of increase in production rate, the benefits of the same can be found or the targeted sales or shopping pattern changes can also be measured with numerical if the calculating aspects is quantified by the increase in segment that it could draw towards itself with such difference in quantifiable results. The benefits calculated would be the key determinant of the segment. Thus th e structural policy change is determinant from the various decisions that the business undertakes and thus the productivity too is dependent in terms of profit making on the set hierarchy f the retail business (Foshay et al, 2013). The organizational structures of Tesco is there to give an impression on what and how the business is planning to have its operations in respect to the existent market conditions. The organizational culture is well dependent on the same as they closely represent the number of people employed and the job role of each in having the overall business objectives met. Functionally, divisionally and structurally the differences are met depending upon the responsibility and area the manpower is given to manage. The knowledge level and expertise is thus equated on those lines too to determine what the specific area has achieved what and what is expected more out of the areas identified. The manpower and the role of the same in such a case is also pre determined by the business so that it have a clue about what to expect from whole and whom to ask for what. The performance management tools of the Tescos business are also closely tied with the identified hierarchy so that the determination of r ole and its performance is judged in an efficient manner and do not have a holistic approach that de-motivates the performer. Again, the structure determines who reports whom and regarding what making the relationship of repartee with the boss even and measured. The organization has devised its work policies and norms to determine the role of the change adoption, performance enhancement, new training, area specific role through the increased flexibility and clarity of organizational structures (Lindgreen and Hingley, 2003). The factors those determines the individual behaviour is the personality, attitude of service to the consumers and leadership styles that suites the personnel as well as operations of the section of the operations. The Tesco UK have a standardized policy of determining the roles and responsibilities of each section and job processes where the people and the hierarchy is set likewise to support the work and operations of the business. The different leadership style of people also determines the kind of people that the organization has to undertake while enhancing the departmental performance. The lowing of absenteeism, increased motivation to perform, innovation for better output are all the organizational structure formulation gifts which the business undertakes in the organizational development of the business in the short and long term keeping the crunch of other performers in mind. The balance of rewards too is being determines in the same process that is complementing the designe d structure and operations. It also gives a overall clarity of roles and responsibilities giving the people the integration under one Tesco umbrella to give the best of efficiency and get rewarded and help the business to perform its level best (Lindgreen and Hingley, 2003). Conclusion The approaches those determines the Human resource intervention in forming the distinct differences of position, job role and its execution in terms of who is responsible for what is the approach of Tesco management. The human relation approaches, social system approach, the relationship between people in the group and the contingency shifts are all pre-determined in the case of Tesco that gives it the added advantage to business. It gives a clarity to the business of what to do when to do and who is supposed to do a particular in the time of need. Thus the people are aware of their roles and responsibilities and are thus responsible for the same. This keeps ambiguity of performance out while keeps the business and situations there in controlled with a strict of to do and responsibility chain. Its been set under the Maslows theory of hierarchy and Herzbergs two factor theory so that the people are aware of there roles and performs with utmost care of those roles and responsibilities so that as per the Vrooms expectancy theory the operation sees no break of protocol while performing its daily job. List of References Anyadike-Danes, M., Hart, M. and OReilly, M. (2005). Watch that Space! The County Hierarchy in Firm Births and Deaths in the UK, 19801999 . Small Bus Econ, 25(3), pp.273-292. De Clercq, D., Lim, D. and Oh, C. (2013). Hierarchy and conservatism in the contributions of resources to entrepreneurial activity. Small Bus Econ, 42(3), pp.507-522. Foshay, N., Boyle, T. and Mather, J. (2013). A Hierarchy of Metadata Elements for Business Intelligence Information Resource Retrieval. International Journal of Business Intelligence Research, 4(4), pp.33-44. Lindgreen, A. and Hingley, M. (2003). The impact of food safety and animal welfare policies on supply chain management. British Food Journal, 105(6), pp.328-349. MacQueen, J. and Miller, R. (1960). Optimal Persistence Policies. Operations Research, 8(3), pp.362-380. Rakowska, A., Valdes-Conca, J. and de Juana-Espinosa, S. (2015). Affecting Factors of Public Employees Ganizational Commitment. ijsr, 3, p.5.